2006-12-04

Myten om den heliga kon

Hur helig är egentligen kon för Indiens hinduer?

Ja, det kan man fråga sig i en tid då Indien blir alltmer sekulariserat och allt modernare. Indiens städer upplever att kastsystemet luckras upp och uppfattningen om vad som är anständig klädsel för en kvinna blir allt mer liberal.
Samtidigt finns det en motrörelse.

Motrörelsen kallas hindutva – och den växte sig stark under nittiotalet och krävde att religionen skulle ha större inflytande över politiken och den världsliga moralen. Motrörelsen leds av organisationer som Världshindurådet och Shiv Sena, och i lite mer anständig och mildare form av det hindunationalistiska partiet BJP, som hade regeringsmakten mellan 1998 och 2004.
Hindunationalisterna har slagit ner på olika företeelser i samhället som de anser hädar hinduer. Ett särdeles rött skynke har varit D N Jha, professor i historia vid University of Delhi, och hans bok The Myth of the holy cow (alltså Myten om den heliga kon).

I boken hävdar histroieprofessorn att hinduernas vana att vörda kon, att inte slakta den och inte äta dess kött, inte har så gamla anor som man tidigare påstått.

Innan indo-arierna migrerade söderut från Centralasien på 1500-talet före kristus fanns det en civilisation i Indusdalen som uppkallats efter en av de arkeologiska fyndplatserna: Harappa. I Harappacivilisationen slaktade man och åt kon. Det finns det, enligt D N Jha, flera skriftliga referenser till i olika urkunder. Det finns också flera referenser till koslakt under vedisk tid – ungefär 1500–1000 före kristus – och i de tidiga jainistiska och buddistiska texterna. Kon slaktades rituellt som offer till gud och åts sedan upp när man hade fint främmande, när sonen kom hem efter flera år av vediska studier eller till bröllop och andra stora fester i livet.

När jag träffade D N Jha i hans tjänstebostad på universitetsområdet i norra Delhi berättade han att först på 200–400-talet efter kristus blir referenserna till koslakt färre.
D N Jha menar att kons helighet inte är given av gudarna, utan uppstod ur högst materiella förhållanden. Årundradena efter Kristus började stora delar av norra Indien odlas upp och blev för första gången en vidsträckt jordbruksbygd.

D N Jha sa att han tror att kons helighet började med att bönderna försökte övertyga jägarfolken om att gå över till jordbruk. Då sa man: ät inte upp kon, spänn henne för plogen istället. Den praktiska förklaringen föll i glömska. Den behövdes inte längre. Faktum var att kon behövdes på åkern, men i folks medvetande hade vördnaden blivit rituell.

Därefter äter bara de lågkastiga hinduerna nötkött, som ansågs rituellt orent. Men inte ens det är helt riktigt, säger D N Jha. I sin forskning har han listat inte mindre än 72 platser i Indien där högkastiga hinduer äter nötkött, bland annat i Kerala längst nere i söder och i norra Bihar. Och i sin jakt på alternativa hinduiska riter har D N Jha hittat en by i Pauri-distriktet i delstaten Uttaranchal i norra Indien där hinduer fortfarande offrar tjurar i hundratal. Dagens hinduism verkar alltså rymma olika synsätt när det gäller kon, även om vördnaden och oviljan att slakta henne förstås dominerar.

D N Jhas slutsatser i The Myth of the Holy Cow kan verka harmlösa. Vad spelar det för roll om kon blev helig för 1 500 år sedan, och inte var det redan för 3 000 år sedan? Men för Världshindurådet och andra fundamentalister är de här forskningsrönen rena rama blasfemin. För dem har kon alltid varit helig. För dem har hinduer alltid vördat kons helighet. Slutdiskuterat.

Fundamentalisterna har varit så uppretade att D N Jha mordhotats för sina påståeenden, och under en lång tid fått polisbeskydd.

Att kons helighet har blivit en politisk fråga i Indien kan man se som ett försök att omtolka hela idén om vad det innebär att vara ”indisk”.
Indien har aldrig tidigare i historien varit ett enda land. Det vi idag kallar Indien har varit flera mindre och större kungadömen, några hinduiska, några buddistiska, några muslimska. Indien var ett lapptäcke av religiösa tillhörigheter.
När nationalismen växte sig stark i Indien i slutet på 1800-talet, fanns ett sug efter en gemensam historia, som egentligen inte fanns. Men alla nationer behöver en uppsättning gemensamma myter och historiska föreställningar för att hålla samman. Därför föddes den politiska hinduismen, som började kräva att hinduer måste få större inflytande över politiska ideologier och samhällsliv. Upplysningsfilosoferna Ram Mohan Roy och Ramkrishna försökte förena hinduismen med västerländskt politiskt tänkande – och Mahatma Gandhi klädde sig som en hinduisk predikant och bekämpade britterna med ahimsa, det vill säga hinduismens idéer om icke-våld.

Ända blev det idén om Indien som ett religiöst och etniskt lapptäcke som kom att dominera självständighetsrörelsen. Och den självständiga indiska nationens grundlag garanterade att ingen enskild religion skulle favoriseras. Alla, oavsett gud eller guru, har samma rätt att utöva sin tro.

1991 sänkte Indien sina tullmurar och bjöd in det globala kapitalet med alla sina varumärken och paketerade livsstilar – då kände hindufundamentalisterna att de hinduiska värderingarna hotades på allvar från alla håll. Fundamentalisterna rev handgripligen en moské som stod på en plats där man anser att det tidigare stått ett hindutempel. De fick politikerna att skriva om historieböckerna, att de blev mer hinduiska. De fick politikerna att byta namn på flera indiska städer, så att de låter mer indiska och mindre koloniala. Och de fick flera indiska delstater att förbjuda koslakt. Det vill säga: ett juridiskt förbud, som även gäller kristna, muslimer, ateister och andra som inte har några tabun mot att äta nötkött.

Historieprofessor D N Jha, som förövrigt själv är hindu och brahmin, tycker att koslaksförbudet är förfärligt. Han säger att man inte ska blanda mat, religion och politik. Förut var kon religiöst laddad. Nu har hon blivit politik också. Var ska det här sluta? frågar sig D.N Jha bekymrat.

Sänd i OBS i P1 januari 2006

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